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CAMPAIGN BEGINS:
Possibility I: December 1981
December 1, 1981, Premier Zhao Zi-yang said in the report of government work, "Present Economic Situation and Policies of Economic Construction in Future", at the 4th session of the 5th National People's Congress: "now various economic crimes such as embezzlements, thefts, speculation, smuggling, and tax evasion are very rampant in some areas. ... These phenomena should be severely and correctly dealt with in accordance to specific conditions. ... Those state workers involved in crimes should be punished as severely as possible" (Chen 1993:179).
Possibility II: January 1982
January 5, 1982, Chen Yun, vice-Chair of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and standing member of Politburo, wrote on an information bulletin edited by the Central Discipline Inspection Committee (CDIC) about the rampant smuggling activities in some areas of Guangdong province: "as regards those who commit serious economic crimes, I propose that some be punished severely, that some be sentenced, and that some extremely bad even be executed. This should be done vigorously and speedily, without relaxation, otherwise the Party's work style can not be rectified" (Chen 1993:180).
January 24, 1982, Li Xian-nian, vice-Chair of CPC Central Committee, said in Chinese New Year Celebration: "to severely handle those important and big criminal cases in economic and other spheres. First those present important and big economic criminal cases involving cadres in charge should be earnestly investigated and settled. Cases with absolute proofs and serious crimes must be handled as severely and as speedily as possible" (Li 1993:188, Huang & Liu 1997:253).
Possibility III: April 1982
April 10, 1982, Deng Xiao-ping said during Politburo's discussion of "Resolution on Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere" that "now to stop this trend, we must take actions as speedily, as severely, and as heavily as possible" (Chen 1993:188, Li 1993:204, Huang & Liu 1997:255).
Possibility IV: May 1982
May 31, 1982, vice-Premier Wan Li, member of CPC Central Secretariat, said in the meeting of cadres in charge of central Party, government, and army organs held by CDIC that "now all the units should earnestly carry out the struggle against serious criminal acts in economic sphere" (Chen 1993:188, Li 1993:209).
Possibility V: September 1982
September 1, 1982, Deng Xiao-ping said in the opening speech at the 12th CPC National Congress that "in the near future we should crack down on the criminal acts in economic and other spheres that damage Socialism" (Huang & Liu 1997:258).
September 1, 1982, Hu Yao-bang, general secretary of CPC Central Committee, said in the report to the 12th CPC National Congress that "those serious criminal acts in economic sphere" "must be given severe legal punishment" (Chen 1993:191, Li 1993:219, Huang & Liu 1997:258).
CAMPAIGN ENDS:
Possibility I: July 1983
July 25, 1983, Han Guang, CDIC secretary, said in the "Report on the Work of Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere" on behalf of CDIC at the forum sponsored by the standing committee of the 6th National People's Congress, said: "it is impossible to eliminate in a short period the subjective and objective conditions at home and abroad that cause these serious criminal acts. ... In the future, we must grasp the focus of the struggle and strengthen anti-corruption education" (Chen 1993:194-195, Li 1993:248, Huang & Liu 1997:267-268).
Possibility II: October 1983
October 12, 1983, the 2nd plenary session of CPC 12th Central Committee passed "CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Party Rectification". Deng Xiao-ping said in his speech "An Urgent Task of the Party in Organizational and Ideological Front" that "strengthening the Party's leadership of the ideological front and getting rid of the weak and lax conditions have become an urgent task of the whole Party"(Chen 1993:196-197, Li 1993:252-253, Huang & Liu 1997:271-272).
October 17 to 25, 1983, CDIC 3rd plenum decided that "during the Party rectification, discipline inspection organs at all levels must first of all rectify their own ideology, work style, and organization. They must, under the unified leadership of the Party committees, take Party rectification as their central task and actively do all relevant work". This session passed "Some Regulations on Strengthening Party Discipline", emphasizing that discipline inspection work must guarantee the implementation of the resolution on Party rectification (Chen 1993:198, Huang & Liu 1997:273).
WHY BEGUN:
January 11, 1982, the CPC urgent circular said: "the standing committee of CPC Central Committee noticed a CDIC information bulletin about the very serious crimes of smuggling and of selling smuggled goods by some cadres, even including some cadres holding certain leading positions, in Guangdong province. This reminded the standing committee that in other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions and in some central departments, there exist, to various degrees, serious breaches of laws and criminal acts, such as smuggling and selling smuggled goods, embezzlement and accepting bribes, thefts of large amount of state property, by cadres, even including some cadres in charge. Taking this into consideration, the standing committee propose: the whole Party must grasp without relaxation this important problem that seriously damages the prestige of the Party and that has a bearing on the life or death of the Party and must solve it vigorously and speedily" (Chen 1993:181).
April 10, 1982, Deng Xiao-ping said during Politburo's discussion of "Resolution on Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere" that "if our Party doesn't pay attention and resolutely check this trend, our Party and state would face the problem whether to "change face" (Chen 1993:188, Li 1993:204, Huang & Liu 1997:255).
TOP LEADERS & ORGANIZATIONS:
Chen Yun, Deng Xiao-ping, Hu Yao-bang, Wan Li;
CPC Central Committee, the State Council, the standing committee of the 5th National People's Congress.
NATURE OF CAMPAIGN:
a campaign against economic crime.
DOCUMENTS:
Generalist documents:
December 1, 1981, the State Council issued "Circular on Financial Inspection of Enterprises" (Li 1993:181, Huang & Liu 1997:251).
January 11, 1982, CPC Central Committee issued an urgent circular, requiring that "those who commit serious crimes, first those criminal cadres holding important positions, must be legally arrested and be subject to the most severe legal punishment" (Chen 1993:181, Li 1993:186, Huang & Liu 1997:252).
January 13, 1982, CPC Central Committee issued "Instructions on Strengthening Political and Legal Work" (Chen 1993:181).
February 11 to 13, 1982, the secretariat of CPC Central Committee held a forum for cracking down on economic crimes in Guangdong province and Fujian province, "requiring that the campaign against breaches of laws and criminal acts in economic sphere be one of the key tasks of 1982" (Chen 1993:182, Li 1993:191, Huang & Liu 1997:254).
March 8, 1982, the 22nd session of the standing committee of the 5th National People's Congress passed "Resolution on Severe Punishment of Criminals Who Have Seriously Harmed Economy" (Chen 1993:185, Li 1993:199, Huang & Liu 1997:254).
April 13, 1982, CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued "Resolution on Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere" (Chen 1993:187, Li 1993:205, Huang & Liu 1997:256).
June 3, 1982, CPC Central Committee issued "Temporary Regulations on CPC Basic Level Organizational Work in Industrial Enterprises" and "Temporary Regulations on CPC Basic Level Organizational Work in Financial and Trade Enterprises" made by CPC Central Department of Organization (Chen 1993:189, Huang & Liu 1997:256).
February 12, 1983, CPC Central Committee approved and issued a circular on Wang He-shou's report at the CDIC 2nd plenary session "Realizing the Fundamental Improvement of Party Work Style as Soon as Possible" (Chen 1993:193, Li 1993:236, Huang & Liu 1997:262-263).
February 14, 1983, CPC Central Committee issued "Circular on Strengthening Education Work in the Party" (Chen 1993:193, Huang & Liu 1997:263).
Specialized documents:
December 4, 1981, CPC Central Discipline Inspection Committee (CDIC) issued "Circular on Great Importance Be Attached to Education of Cadres?Sons and Daughters" (Li 1993:181).
December 8, 1981, CDIC issued "Circular on Prohibiting Discipline Inspection Cadres from Accepting Gifts" (Li 1993:181).
December 1981, CDIC issued a circular on resolute campaign against breaches of laws and of disciplines in economic sphere (Huang & Liu 1997:251).
December 18, 1981, CDIC issued "Circular on Vigorously Checking the Crooked Practice of Squandering Public Fund on Treat, on Gift and on Developing 'Connection Units'" (Li 1993:182).
January 4 to 6, 1982, CDIC held a forum of discipline inspection work, emphasizing that the Party's work style should be decisively improved in 1982 (Li 1982:184, Huang & Liu 1997:251-252).
January 8, 1982, CDIC issued "We Must Severely Handle Cases of Breaches of Laws and of Disciplines by Cadres Who are Party Members" (Chen 1993:180, Li 1993:186, Huang & Liu 1997:252).
January 8, 1982, CDIC issued a circular "requiring Party committees and discipline inspection committees at all levels" "to make up their minds ... to seriously deal with some important and big cases" (Chen 1993:182, Li 1993:186).
May 11, 1982, CDIC issued the circular "Keep the Party's Purity and Resolutely Get Rid of Corrupt Persons" (Chen 1993:188, Huang & Liu 1997:256).
February 4, 1983, Wang Cong-wu made a written report at CDIC 2nd plenum "Initial Summary of the Work of Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere for Past Year and Recommendations for the Future" (Chen 1993:192, Li 1993:234, Huang & Liu 1997:262).
February 22, 1983, CDIC published an open letter to "the leading cadres at all levels in Party and government organs, in enterprises and institutions all over the country, requiring that the crooked practices of Party members and cadres in building and distributing houses be resolutely checked" (Chen 1993:193, Li 1993:238, Huang & Liu 1997:263).
March 10, 1983, CDIC made "Temporary Measures of Party Discipline Actions on Communist Party Members Who Break the Law and Commit Crimes in Economic Sphere" (Huang & Liu 1997:264).
April 21, 1983, CDIC issued "Circular on Resolutely Checking Crooked Practices that Take Advantage of Institutional Reform" (Chen 1993:194, Li 1993:241, Huang & Liu 1997:265).
May 9, 1983, CDIC issued a circular requiring persistent efforts to check the crooked practices in building and distributing houses (Li 1993:242).
May 28, 1983, CDIC issued a circular requiring serious investigation and actions on breaches of discipline in the form of taking advantage of institutional reform to secretly divide state assets (Li 1993:243).
July 25, 1983, Han Guang, CDIC secretary, made "Report on the Work of Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere" on behalf of CDIC at the forum sponsored by the standing committee of the 6th National People's Congress (Chen 1993:194-195, Li 1993:248, Huang & Liu 1997:267-268).
September 5 to 9, 1983, CDIC held a meeting on the work of cracking down on serious criminal acts in economic sphere (Chen 1993:195-196, Li 1993:251, Huang & Liu 1997:270).
FOCI OF CAMPAIGN:
"important and big criminal cases in economic and other spheres" (Li 1993:188, Huang & Liu 1997:253).
"serious breaches of laws and criminal acts, such as smuggling and selling smuggled goods, embezzlement and accepting bribes, thefts of large amount of state property, by cadres, even including some cadres in charge" (Chen 1993:181).
"those who commit serious crimes, first those criminal cadres holding important positions" (Chen 1993:181, Li 1993:186, Huang & Liu 1997:252).
(After September 1983) "all central departments and their subordinate enterprises and direct provincial and prefectural subordinate organs" (Chen 1993:196, Li 1993:251, Huang & Liu 1997:270).
"LANGUAGE":
March 4, 1982, Premier Zhao Zi-yang, in a speech at the national industry and transportation work conference, said: "this struggle is inevitable and protracted" (Chen 1993:185).
April 10, 1982, Deng Xiao-ping said during Politburo's discussion of "Resolution on Cracking Down on Serious Criminal Acts in Economic Sphere" that "cracking down on economic criminal acts is a protracted and constant struggle" (Chen 1993:188, Li 1993:204, Huang & Liu 1997:255).
September 1, 1982, Hu Yao-bang said in the report to the 12th CPC National Congress that "on one hand is to stick to the policy of opening-up to the outside world and of vitalizing the domestic economy; on the other hand is to resolutely crack down on the serious criminal acts in economic and political-cultural sphere that harm Socialism. Only to pay attention to the latter hand while doubt the former hand is wrong" (Chen 1993:191, Li 1993:219, Huang & Liu 1997:258-259).
November 28, 1982, Wang He-shou said at the forum for East China discipline inspection work that "we must handle properly the relationship between cracking down on serious criminal acts in economic sphere and vitalizing the economy" (Li 1993:227).
"it is impossible to eliminate in a short period the subjective and objective conditions at home and abroad that cause these serious criminal acts. ... In the future, we must grasp the focus of the struggle and strengthen anti-corruption education" (Chen 1993:194-195, Li 1993:248, Huang & Liu 1997:267-268).
CAMPAIGN BEGINS:
Possibility I: September 1985
September 23, 1985, Deng Xiao-ping said at CPC National Conference that "the corruption phenomena that seriously harm social morality must be resolutely checked and suppressed" (Chen 1993:208, Li 1993:310, Huang & Liu 1997:302).
September 23, 1985, President Li Xian-nian, standing member of Politburo, said in the closing address of CPC National Conference: "on the other hand, all effective measures must be taken to unshakably and severely crack down on various serious breaches of laws and of disciplines and on corruption and ugly phenomena in the Party and in the society, in order to guarantee the smooth progress of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization" (Chen 1993:210, Li 1993:311).
September 24, 1985, Chen Yun said at CDIC 6th plenary session: "the capitalist corrupt ideology of 'money judges all' is seriously corroding our Party work style and social practice. We must keep out and eliminate these ugly ideas and acts in our construction of socialism. We must mobilize and organize the forces of the whole Party and the society, with the spirit of 'clearing the evil till its extinction' to carry out resolute struggle against these phenomena. The job of CDIC and of the local committees of discipline inspection at all levels is: to invoke Party discipline actions and administrative discipline actions on whoever violate Party discipline and administrative discipline; to recommend legal actions on breaches of law. Discipline inspection committees at all levels must do their job according to this principle, otherwise will be neglecting their duty" (Chen 1993:210, Li 1993:311-312, Huang & Liu 1997:302-303).
Possibility II: December 1985
December 18, 1985, Yang Shang-kun, vice-Chair of CPC Central Military Committee, said in the meeting for PLA logistics work: "rectification of the Party work style must be done from the higher leading bodies and high-level cadres" (Li 1993:318, Huang & Liu 1997:305).
Possibility III: January 1986
January 11, 1986, Hu Yao-bang's speech "Central Organs Should Be the Model of the Whole Nation", vice-Premier Tian Ji-yun's speech "Problems on the Present Economic Situations and Reform in Economic System", Wang Zhao-guo's speech "Problems on Rectification of Party Work Style in Central Organs", Yang Shang-kun's speech "Army Should Take the Lead in the Rectification of Party Work Style", at the conference of central organ cadres ("8,000-person-conference") convoked by CPC Central Secretariat. This conference decided to establish a leading group directed by Qiao Shi for rectification of Party work style in central organs(Chen 1993:212-213, Li 1993:322, Huang & Liu 1997:307-308).
January 16, 1986, members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress expressed the hope that judicial organs deal vigorously with big and important cases and crack down on economic crimes (Chen 1993:324).
January 17, 1986, Deng Xiao-ping said in the meeting of the standing committee of Politburo: "[building of socialist spiritual civilization] must be vigorously grasped without a single day's relaxation. ... Construction of spiritual civilization and the improvement of Party work style and of the social morality are to be done from grasping specific events. Cases of economic crimes, of serious loss of state and personal dignity in foreign countries, and cases of espionage should be dealt with immediately. ... Now only executing two can not have such a big effect; we should execute several more. Only this can show our determination. ... The Secretariat are doing well in rectification of Party work style; I suggest they do it intensively for two years and conspicuous results are sure to show up. ... From this year, we really grasp it for two years" (Chen 1993:213, Li 1993:324, Huang & Liu 1997:309).
January 18, 1986, Chen Pi-xian, vice-Chair of the standing committee of the National People's Congress, said in the 14th cross-group session of the standing committee of the National People's Congress: "we should use two hands in the struggle against economic crimes: one hand is for making laws and disciplines respected and correcting in real earnest the phenomena of not doing the best in the campaign. Economic crimes, especially big and important cases, must be dealt with till the very end and be severely punished in accordance with the laws" (Li 1993:326, Huang & Liu 1997:311).
Possibility IV: February 1986
February 9, 1986, President Li Xian-nian said in Chinese New Year Celebration that "all criminal acts of embezzlement, theft, extortion, speculation, bribery, smuggling, and fraud must be severely punished according to law" (Chen 1993:218, Huang & Liu 1997:315).
Possibility V: April 1986
April 29, 1986, vice-Premier Tian Ji-yun said at the meeting of secretaries of Party committees and of discipline inspection committees of all state organ departments: "the task of investigating and handling big and important cases should be grasped in real earnest on the principle of both resoluteness and prudence, of both accuracy and speed" (Li 1993:336-337, Huang & Liu 1997:320).
CAMPAIGN ENDS:
Possibility I: May 1986
May 29, 1986, Bo Yi-bo said at the forum of Party rectification work in six provinces or municipalities: "the idea to oppose Party rectification to the reform is incorrect. Party rectification and the reform supplement each other and we should not neglect either of them" (Li 1993:341).
Possibility II: June 1986
June 3, 1986, People's Daily published an article "Stick to the Effective System of Rectification of Party Work Style in a Long Period" (Li 1993:343).
June 9 to 15, 1986, CDIC convoked national conference on the trial of cases, requiring "correct recognition of the relationship between strengthening Party discipline, rectifying Party work style and the reform and economic construction; good Party work style and strict and impartial Party discipline guarantee the smooth progress of the reform and economic construction" (Li 1993:345, Huang & Liu 1997:323-324).
June 10 to 16, 1986, CDIC convoked a forum of discipline inspection work in East China and Central-and-South China, requiring that "discipline inspection work adapt to the new situation of 'reform, opening-up, and vitalizing'" (Li 1993:346, Huang & Liu 1997:324).
June 25 to 29, 1986, CDIC convoked a forum of discipline inspection work in North China and North-East China, requiring that "rectification of Party work style and the reform must be carried out at the same pace. Rectification of Party work style and the reform are 'the two wings on the same body' neither can be neglected" (Li 1993:348, Huang & Liu 1997:325).
June 28, 1986, Deng Xiao-ping said at a meeting of standing members of Politburo: "our present focus is on rectifying Party work style, but from an overall point of view, the focus is on strengthening the legal system. Education is essential in strengthening the legal system and the basic problem is to educate people. ... This is a long-term task and should run through the whole reform process" (Chen 1993:221-222, Huang & Liu 1997:325).
WHY BEGUN:
"In September 1982, we said in the 12th CPC National Congress that we should intensify the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and strive to realize radical improvement of the Party work style and social morality. Now 3 years and 4 month has already passed and we have only 1 year and 8 months left, probably not enough time. This task must be vigorously grasped without a single day's relaxation. ... The unrest by some college students are related with this poison" (Deng Xiao-ping) (Chen 1993:213, Li 1993:324, Huang & Liu 1997:309).
TOP LEADERS & ORGANIZATIONS:
Deng Xiao-ping, Chen Yun, Hu Yao-bang, Li Xian-nian, Qiao Shi;
CPC Central Committee, the State Council, CPC Central Secretariat, CPC Central Committee of Politics and Law, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council.
NATURE OF CAMPAIGN:
"Rectification of Party work style" (Chen 1993:208, Li 1993:310, Huang & Liu 1997:302).
DOCUMENTS:
Generalist documents:
September 23, 1985, CPC National Conference passed "CPC Central Committee's Recommendations on Making the 7th Five-year Plan of National Economy and Social Development", requiring that we "emphatically grasp the following work:... 2) to resolutely crack down on serious economic and other criminals, to check and suppress all ugly phenomena that degenerate social morale, and to oppose various activities that break occupational moral standards and harm public interests" (Li 1993:310).
November 26, 1985, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Circular on Solving Several Serious Problems in Present Work Styles of the Organs" (Chen 1993:211, Li 1993:315-316, Huang & Liu 1997:304).
December 30, 1985, CPC Central Secretariat made a resolution on rectification of Party work style, requiring central Party, government, and Army organs take the lead, do more real things and obtain results in half a year to a year (Chen 1993:212).
January 11, 1986, Hu Yao-bang's speech "Central Organs Should Be the Model of the Whole Nation", vice-Premier Tian Ji-yun's speech "Problems on the Present Economic Situations and Reform in Economic System", Wang Zhao-guo's speech "Problems on Rectification of Party Work Style in Central Organs", Yang Shang-kun's speech "Army Should Take the Lead in the Rectification of Party Work Style", at the conference of central organ cadres ("8,000-person-conference") convoked by CPC Central Secretariat. This conference decided to establish a leading group directed by Qiao Shi for rectification of Party work style in central organs(Chen 1993:212-213, Li 1993:322, Huang & Liu 1997:307-308).
January 23, 1986, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Circular on Stopping Recklessly Sending Delegations, Groups, and Persons Abroad" (Chen 1993:214, Huang & Liu 1997:311).
January 28, 1986, CPC Central Committee issued "Circular on Selection and Appointment of Cadres in Strict Accordance with the Policies of the Party" (Chen 1993:215, Li 1993:326, Huang & Liu 1997:312).
February 1, 1986, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Circular on Resolutely Stopping Cadres Touring at Public Expenses" (Chen 1993:215-216, Li 1993:327-328, Huang & Liu 1997:313).
February 4, 1986, CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued "Regulations on Further Stopping Party and Government Organs and Cadres from Going into Business and Running Enterprises" (Chen 1993:216, Li 1993:328, Huang & Liu 1997:313).
March 29, 1986, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council made explanations about several problems in implementing "Regulations on Further Stopping Party and Government Organs and Cadres from Going into Business and Running Enterprises" (Chen 1993:219, Li 1993:333, Huang & Liu 1997:318).
May 23 to 29, 1986, the central guiding committee of Party rectification work convoked a forum on Party rectification work in six provinces or municipalities (Li 1993:341, Huang & Liu 1997:323).
May 26, 1986, the State Council issued "Circular on Stopping Recklessly Apportioning Enterprises" (Li 1993:339, Huang & Liu 1997:321-322).
June 5, 1986, the State Council issued "Circular on Strictly Prohibiting Seeking Illegal Gains in Social Economic Activities" (Chen 220-221, Huang & Liu 1997:323).
Specialized documents:
September 24, 1985, Chen Yun's speech at CDIC 6th plenum (Chen 1993:210, Li 1993:311-312, Huang & Liu 1997:302-303).
November 30, 1985, CDIC issued a circular strictly prohibiting feasting leading cadres and giving them gifts (Huang & Liu 1997:304).
December 15, 1985, CDIC issued a circular requiring that committees of discipline inspection in all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities take immediate actions to earnestly implement the spirit of the circular issued by the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council and resolutely rectify the present improper work styles in the organs (Li 1993:316).
December 18, 1985, CDIC and the CPC Central Committee of Politics and Laws jointly issued the circular "We Must Severely Crack Down on Serious Criminal Acts of Frauds" (Li 1993:317).
January 13, 1986, Zheng Tian-xiang, chief of the Supreme People's Court, gave a report to the 14th session of the standing committee of National People's Congress about several problems in cracking down on serious economic criminal acts (Chen 1993:213, Li 1993:323, Huang & Liu 1997:308).
January 15, 1986, CDIC and the CPC Central Committee of Politics and Laws jointly issued a circular requiring severe cracking down on serious speculation and fraud criminals (Li 1993:323, Huang & Liu 1997:308-309).
January 17, 1986, CDIC held a meeting of persons in charge of discipline inspection departments in CPC central and state organs, ministries and committees (Li 1993:324, Huang & Liu 1997:310).
January 28 to February 1, 1986, standing secretary Han Guang gave a report about CDIC "Report Outline" to CPC Central Secretariat on the problem of rectification of Party work style and about the instructions of CPC Central Secretariat at CDIC 7th plenum. This session made arrangements for the work of rectification of Party work style in 1986 (Chen 1993:215, Li 1993:327, Huang & Liu 1997:312).
February 21 to March 4, 1986, CPC Central Committee of Politics and Law convoked a national conference on political and legal work, emphasizing the great determination in severe cracking down on serious economic criminal acts (Chen 1993:218, Huang & Liu 1997:316).
February 28, 1986, CDIC issued "Circular on Strengthening Discipline" (Huang & Liu 1997:316).
March 10, 1986, Zheng Tian-xiang, chief of the Supreme People's Court, said at the national conference of chiefs of courts: "at present, the major task is to crack down on serious criminal offense and serious economic crimes" (Li 1993:331-332, Huang & Liu 1997:317).
March 14, 1986, CDIC issued a circular requiring Communist Party members exemplarily obey occupational moral standard (Huang & Liu 1997:317-318).
April 29, 1986, the Party Committee of the CPC Central and State Organs convoked a meeting of secretaries of Party committees and of discipline inspection committees of all state organ departments on putting into further practice the spirit of the instructions by the Central Committee on rectification of Party work style (Li 1993:336-337, Huang & Liu 1997:320).
May 23 to 28, 1986, CDIC convoked a meeting to exchange experiences in rectifying Party work style in CPC central and state organs (Chen 1993:220, Li 1993:336-337, Huang & Liu 1997:322).
July 5 to 11, 1986, national conference on courts trial of big cases (Li 1993:352-353).
FOCI OF CAMPAIGN:
"1) resolutely stop the unhealthy trend of rushing to buy and change imported cars;
2) resolutely stop the unhealthy trend of recklessly sending persons abroad;
3) resolutely stop Party and government cadres from squandering public fund to tour around;
4) strictly prohibit extravagance and waste;
5) strictly prohibit Party and government cadres from obtaining improper income beyond salary and collective organic welfare;
6) the Central Committee charge the discipline inspection organs and political and legal organs at all levels to closely investigate cases where Party and government organs, their leading cadres, and the sons, daughters, and spouses of these cadres take advantage of the power and various conveniences of the office to go into business for profits in violation of regulations" (Chen 1993:212, Li 1993:316, Huang & Liu 1997:304).
(From January 1986)"central Party, government, and Army organs" (Chen 1993:212)
"Cases of economic crimes, of serious loss of state and personal dignity in foreign countries, and cases of espionage should be dealt with immediately. ...The more high-level cadres and their sons and daughters, the more prominent they are, the more urgently we should investigate and deal with their violations of law" (Deng Xiao-ping) (Chen 1993:213, Li 1993:324, Huang & Liu 1997:309).
"Vigorously checking crooked work styles and at the same time severely crack down on such serious economic criminal acts as speculation, fraud, smuggling and selling of smuggled goods, embezzlement and accepting bribery. ... We should vigorously grasp big and important cases, especially seriously investigate and deal with crooked work styles and violations of laws and discipline by leading bodies and leading cadres" (CDIC) (Li 1993:327, Huang & Liu 1997:312-313).
"LANGUAGE":
"It does not matter much if some of those small cases are overlooked" (Deng Xiao-ping) (Li 1993:324).
"the idea to oppose Party rectification to the reform is incorrect. Party rectification and the reform supplement each other and we should not neglect either of them" (Li 1993:341).
"Strict distinction should be made between faults in the work for lack of experience during opening-up and reform and taking advantage of loopholes in the reform to commit illegal acts or crimes" (Li 1993:341).
"discipline inspection work adapt to the new situation of 'reform, opening-up, and vitalizing?quot; (Li 1993:346, Huang & Liu 1997:324).
"rectification and the reform must be carried out at the same pace. Rectification of Party work style and the reform are 'the two wings on the same body' neither can be neglected" (Li 1993:348, Huang & Liu 1997:325).
"our present focus is on rectifying Party work style, but from an overall point of view, the focus is on strengthening the legal system. Education is essential in strengthening the legal system and the basic problem is to educate people. ... This is a long-term task and should run through the whole reform process" (Deng Xiao-ping) (Chen 1993:221-222, Huang & Liu 1997:325).
CAMPAIGN BEGINS:
Possibility I: June 1989
May 31, 1989, Deng Xiao-ping said to Li Peng and Yao Yi-lin: "we should do several solid and specific things to show that we really oppose corruption, not pretendedly. ... 10 to 20 cases of corruption, embezzlement, and taking bribes should be tried, some at the provincial level, and some at the national level. This should be grasped vigorously and speedily, be made public, and be done in accordance with the law. Whoever deserves punishment should be punished without exception" (Chen 1993:245, Huang & Liu 1997:353).
June 16, 1989, Deng Xiao-ping said: "in the punishment of corruption, at least 10 to 20 big cases should be tried with high transparency and without delay" (Chen 1993:245).
Possibility II: August 1989
July 31, 1989, vice-Premier Tian Ji-yun said in the meeting on cracking down on smuggling in 4 Southeast coastal provinces: "severely cracking down on illegal smuggling is ... an important contents of the punishment of corruption. ... We must accelerate and do well in cracking down on smuggling" (Chen 1993:247).
CAMPAIGN ENDS:
Possibility I: December 1989
December 25, 1989, Premier Li Peng said at the closing ceremony of the national conference on supervision work that "anti-corruption campaign is a long-term task, and is by no means an expedient measure" (Chen 1993:255).
Possibility II: July 1990
July 6, 1990, Liu Min-xue, director of National Administration of Industry and Commerce, announced that the problems of Party and government organs running companies and of Party and government cadres going into business had been basically solved (Chen 1993:260).
July 20 to 24, 1990, CDIC forum of discipline inspection work in Central-South, Southwest and Northwest areas concluded: "the major problems in the present Party building and construction of clean politics are: some leading cadres have some wrong understandings about the punishment of corruption and about strengthening the construction of Party work style and clean politics; they oppose the building of Party work style and clean politics to economic construction and stabilizing the situation" (Li 1993:599, Huang & Liu 1997:371).
July 24 to 28, 1997, CDIC forum of discipline inspection work in North China, Northeast, and East China areas concluded: "discipline inspection committees at all levels should, from a realistic perspective, correctly handle and solve problems of various characters during the reform" (Li 1993:599, Huang & Liu 1997:371).
WHY BEGUN:
"One of the reasons why such an unrest as this occurred is that the growth and spread of corruption made some of the masses lose confidence in the Party and the government" (Deng Xiao-ping) (Chen 1993:245).
"It is high time this Party be rectified, otherwise there would be no way out" (Li 1993:533).
TOP LEADERS & ORGANIZATIONS:
Deng Xiao-ping, Tian Ji-yun, Qiao Shi;
CPC Central Committee, Politburo, the State Council, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council.
NATURE OF CAMPAIGN:
an all-out struggle against corruption;
(From March 1990) correction of crooked practices in various sectors.
DOCUMENTS:
Generalist documents:
February 5, 1989, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Circular on Problems Relevant to Clearing Posts in Companies (Enterprises) Concurrently Held by Cadres of Party and State Organs" (Chen 1993:243, Li 1993:515, Huang & Liu 1997:351).
June 23 to 24, 1989, the 4th plenum of CPC 13th Central Committee proposed: "at present special stress should be laid on 4 big issues: ... The fourth is ... to resolutely punish corruption, to do several things that the people are concerned with, and never to fail to live up to the people's expectations of the Party" (Chen 1993:246, Huang & Liu 1997:353).
July 27 to 28, 1989, plenum of Politburo passed "Resolution of CPC Central Committee and State Council on Doing Several Things that the Masses Are Concerned with in Near Future" (Chen 1993:247, Li 1993:547, Huang & Liu 1997:355).
August 17, 1989, CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued "Resolution on Further Putting Companies into Order" (Chen 1993:248, Li 1993:554, Huang & Liu 1997:356).
August 17, 1989, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Regulations on Strictly Controlling Leading Cadres Visiting Abroad" (Huang & Liu 1997:357).
August 28, 1989, Politburo plenum passed "CPC Central Committee's Circular on Strengthening Party Building" (Chen 1993:249, Huang & Liu 1997:358).
September 6, 1989, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Regulations on Managing the Allocation and Use of Cars in Central Party and Government Organs" (Chen 1993:250, Li 1993:556, Huang & Liu 1997:358).
September 7, 1989, CPC Central Committee forwarded "Recommendations by Central Department of Organization on Party Member Re-registration in Some Units" (Chen 1993:251).
September 18, 1989, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Regulations on Prohibition of Feasting Guests at Public Expense in Domestic Official Activities and on Working Dinners" (Li 1993:559, Huang & Liu 1997:359).
November 14, 1989, the State Council issued "Circular on Clearing Up and Checking Up 'Small Treasury'" (Chen 1993:253, Li 1993:570, Huang & Liu 1997:361).
March 9 to 12, 1990, the 6th plenum of CPC 13th Central Committee passed "CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Strengthening the Relationship between the Party and the People" (Chen 1993:255-256, Li 1993:582, Huang & Liu 1997:365-366).
March 20, 1990, Premier Li Peng gave a report on government work to the 3rd session of the 7th National People's Congress and pointed out the four issues in building clean politics in 1990 (Li 1993:585, Huang & Liu 1997:367).
May 25, 1990, CPC published "Some Regulations on Democratic Life Meeting of Party Member Leading Cadres in Party and State Organs above the County Level" (Chen 1993:257-258, Huang & Liu 1997:368).
Specialized documents:
June 24, 1989, CDIC 4th plenum required "concentration on investigation and handling of cases of breaches of discipline by Party members that have serious harm and big impact, on punishing corrupt persons" (Huang & Liu 1997:353-354).
July 29, 1989, CDIC required discipline inspection organs at all levels at present and in a period in future concentrate on enforcement of discipline and handling of cases, especially accelerate actions on those cases that have serious harm, that the masses strongly complain about, and that involve leading cadres who are Party members" (Li 1993:537-548, Huang & Liu 1997:355).
August 15, 1989, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate issued "Announcement on Criminals of Embezzlement, Taking Bribes, and Speculation Must Surrender and Confess by the Prescribed Time" (Chen 1993:248, Li 1993:552, Huang & Liu 356).
August 19, 1989, the Ministry of Supervision issued "Announcement on State Administrative Organ Workers with Embezzlement and Bribery Activities Must Voluntarily Make Confessions by the Prescribed Time" (Chen 1993:248-249, Li 1993:555, Huang & Liu 1997:357).
September 8, 1989, the Ministry of Supervision issued "Detailed Rules on the Implementation of the 'Temporary Regulations of Administrative Punishment on Embezzlement and Bribery by State Administrative Organ Workers'" (Chen 1993:251, Li 1993:556, Huang & Liu 1997:359).
September 19, 1989, CDIC issued a circular entitled "The Good Party Style of Hard Struggle Must Be Preserved" (Li 1993:559, Huang & Liu 1997:359).
November 4, 1989, CDIC issued "Recommendations on Strengthening Construction of Party Work Style and of Clean Politics" (Huang & Liu 1997:360).
November 5, 1989, the Ministry of Supervision and the Ministry of Material issued "Some Regulations on Strengthening Supervision and Examination on Material Fairs" (Li 1993:567).
November 21, 1989, national conference of procuratorial chiefs (Li 1993:572).
December 21 to 25, 1989, national conference of supervision work (Chen 1993:254, Huang & Liu 1997:361-362).
December 28, 1989, CDIC issued "Some Regulations (on Trial) on Party Discipline Punishment on Communist Party Members Who Violate Socialist Morality" (Li 1993:575, Huang & Liu 1997:362).
February 3, 1990, CDIC issued a circular entitled "Resolutely Eliminate Corrupt Members in the Party" (Huang & Liu 1997:363).
February 7-10, 1990, the 2nd conference on discipline inspection work in central and state organs (Huang & Liu 1997:363).
March 12, 1990, Qiao Shi, standing member of Politburo, made a speech at CDIC 6th plenum entitled "Strengthening Construction of Party Work Style and Carrying Forward the Party's Good Traditions and Styles" (Li 1993:584, Huang & Liu 1997:366).
March 16, 1990, the national guiding group for clearing and putting companies into order convoked a forum (Huang & Liu 1997:366).
April 13, 1990, CDIC convoked a forum on clearing up private residences built by Party member cadres in violation of discipline and of law (Li 1993:587).
June 12, 1990, CDIC issued "Circular on Several Typical Cases of Party Member Cadres Building Private Residences and Decorating Residences at High Standard in Violation of Discipline" (Chen 1993:259, Li 1993:595, Huang & Liu 1997:369).
June 23, 1990, Wei Jian-xing, Minister of Supervision, gave a speech entitled "Implementing 'Administrative Procedural Law' and Further Doing Well in Supervision Work" to the symposium of supervision agencies implementing "Administrative Procedural Law" (Huang & Liu 1997:369).
July 1, 1990, CDIC made "Some Regulations (on Trial) on Party Discipline Actions on Communist Party Members Who Break Law and Discipline in Economic Sphere" (Huang & Liu 1997:370).
July 11, 1990, CDIC issued "Regulations (on Trial) on Party Discipline Actions on Party Organizations and Party Members Who Hinder Investigation and Handling of Cases of Breaches of Discipline" (Huang & Liu 1997:370).
July 12 to 15, 1990, Qiao Shi's speech to the CDIC forum on discipline inspection work in central and state organs (Chen 1993:260, Li 1993:597, Huang & Liu 1997:370).
FOCI OF CAMPAIGN:
"1) to further put companies into order;
2) to resolutely stop sons and daughters of leading cadres from going into business; 3) to abolish 'special supply' of small amount of food for leading comrades;
4) to allocate cars in strict accordance with the regulations and to strictly prohibit imported cars;
5) to strictly prohibit feasting guests and giving gifts;
6) to strictly control leading cadres visiting abroad;
7) to seriously and earnestly investigate and handle criminal cases of embezzlement, taking bribes and speculation, especially to accelerate actions on big and important cases"
(Chen 1993:247, Li 1993:547, Huang & Liu 1997:355).
"those cases that have serious harm, that the masses strongly complain about, and that involve leading cadres who are Party members" (Li 1993:537-548, Huang & Liu 1997:355).
"Criminals of Embezzlement, Taking Bribes, and Speculation" (Chen 1993:248, Li 1993:552, Huang & Liu 356).
(From December 1989) "Concentrate on investigating and handling cases of leading organs and leading cadres taking advantage of the powers of office to trade power for money and of them using every artifice to obtain illegal gains, cases that the society strongly complain about of them taking advantage of the powers of office to build private residence in violation of law and discipline, of them decorating residence beyond standard at public expense, cases of speculation, of squandering and waste, etc., and big and important cases have great impact on the whole nation, an area, or a sector" (Chen 1993:254).
(From March 1990) "first is the cases of leading bodies, leading cadres, law enforcement sectors and their workers taking advantage of the powers of office to trade power for money, such as embezzlement, taking bribes, speculation, use of power for private gains and to extort, extravagant waste, etc.. Second is the hot problems that the society strongly complain about and that the masses are concerned with, such as decorating residences beyond standard at public expense, taking advantage of the power of office to build private residences in violation of law and of discipline, tour at public expense, and excessive feasts, etc.. Third is to seriously investigate and handle cases of bureaucratism, neglect of duty, and malfeasance, as well as such violations of discipline and law as failure to act despite demands, failure to stop despite prohibition, and going one's own way" (Li Peng, Wei Jian-xing) (Li 1993:585, Huang & Liu 1997:369).
(From April 1990) "second is to further investigate and handle cases of economic crimes such as embezzlement, taking bribes, malfeasance, speculation, especially to emphatically investigate and handle big and important cases involving leading cadres. Third is to emphatically correct crooked practices that the masses strongly complain about". "First is inviting to dinner and giving gifts at public expense; second is Party and government leading cadres and their sons and daughters going into business and running enterprises; third is leading cadres building private residences and decorating houses at high standard in violation of discipline" (Chen 1997:257).
"LANGUAGE":
"One hand on reform and opening-up, and the other on punishing corruption" (Deng Xiao-ping) (Chen 1993:246).
"Anti-corruption campaign is a long-term task, and is by no means an expedient measure" (Li Peng) (Chen 1993:255).
CAMPAIGN BEGINS:
Possibility I: May, 1993
May 7, 1993, Qiao Shi, standing member of Politburo and chairperson of the standing committee of National People's Congress, said in the Ninth National Procuratorial Conference: "legal punishment of grafts and bribery crimes is an important duty of the procuratorial organs. Grafts and bribery crimes are corrupt phenomena that the people hate bitterly. These crimes corrode Party and state organs, damage prestige and image of the Party in the people, and harm the healthy development of economic construction and reform and opening-up"(Li 1993:711).
May 13, 1993, Jiang Ze-min said in the forum on economic work in the six provinces and one municipality in East China that "we should ... insist on regarding anti-corruption, rectification of Party work styles and strengthening of the construction of honest and clean politics as essential, and should resolve on achieving results and effects"(Li 1993:712).
May 13, 1993, Wei Jian-xing, member of Politburo and of Central Secretariat, said in Shandong province that "at present anti-corruption campaigns should put special emphasis on two problems: one is to severely punish corrupt persons, focusing on serious violations of law and of discipline by leading bodies, leading cadres and law enforcement and supervision sectors and their workers"(Li 1993:712).
Possibility II: June 1993
June 5, 1993, Jiang Ze-min said in a forum in National Defense University that "we ... must make up our minds and work hard to achieve results and effects" in "the strengthening of the construction of honest and clean politics and the resolute campaign against various corrupt phenomena"(Li 1993:717).
June 16, 1993, Wei Jian-xing said in the 6th conference on honest and clean politics in Beijing that "we should ... make up our minds and work hard to achieve results and effects" in "the strengthening of honest and clean politics and the campaign against various corrupt phenomena"(Li 1993:722).
June 25, 1993, Jiang Ze-min said in the forum for CPC 72nd anniversary that "all in all, we must regard anti-corruption campaign as an important issue in the building of the Party and of political power, achieve results and effects, and win trust of the people"(Chen 1993:298, Li 1993:727, Huang & Liu 1997:418).
Possibility III: August 1993
August 4, 1993, Li Lan-qing, vice-Premier and member of Politburo, said in the opening speech of national anti-smuggling conference that "we must, from the perspective of anti-corruption and advocating honest and clean politics and of consolidation of the Party's power status and of the people's regime, ... do our best to achieve victory of anti-smuggling campaign in a short time"(Chen 1993:304, Huang & Liu 1997:420).
August 6, 1993, Jiang Ze-min said to the deputies to the national anti-smuggling conference that "Party committees and governments at all levels must ... resolutely and quickly check this evil practice"(Chen 1993:304, Huang & Liu 1997:420).
August 10, 1993, Hu Jin-tao, standing member of Politburo and member of Central Secretariat, said in the national forum of organizational work that "the problem of corruption has reached the stage where we must do nothing less than take the firm resolution to solve" and that "the officials playing first fiddle must take charge of this himself"(Li 1993:742).
August 12, 1993, Jiang Ze-min said in the national forum of organizational work that "to do a better job in correcting crooked practices and in anti-corruption, ... we should have specific plans and take vigorous measures on implementation"(Li 1993:743).
August 18, 1993, Jiang Ze-min presided over a situation notification meeting for persons outside of the Party and said that "recently the CPC Central Committee made earnest studies on carrying out deep-going anti-corruption campaign, shall adopt more resolute measures and make new arrangements"(Li 1993:746, Huang & Liu 1997:420).
August 20, 1993, Wei Jian-xing, secretary of CDIC, at the CDIC 2nd plenum, made "Report on Adapting to New Situations, Deepening Anti-corruption, and Serving the full Implementation of Party's Basic Lines"(Chen 1993:307, Li 1993:748, Huang & Liu 1997:422).
CAMPAIGN ENDS:
Possibility I: March 1994
Premier Li Peng, at the anti-corruption work meeting of the State Council, "required that the leaders in the State Council and of the governments at all levels, from the perspective of the overall situation, combine reform, development, and anti-corruption campaign into an organic whole, actively, properly, and correctly handle all kinds of new conflicts, further mitigate and eliminate social hot-spot problems, ... strive for stable social environment, guarantee the smooth progress of reform and opening-up, and promote the healthy development of national economy" (Huang & Liu 1997:430).
WHY BEGUN:
The strengthening of the construction of honest and clean politics and the campaign against various corruption phenomena are the important task of the whole Party raised by the 14th CPC National Congress (September 1992).
The top leaders became aware that "the problem of corruption has reached the stage where we must do nothing less than take the firm resolution to solve"(Li 1993:742) as several record-breaking corruption cases were publicized in mid-1993, such as the 7 million yuan bribery case (Li 1993:720), the 33 million yuan embezzlement case (Chen 1993:305, Li 1993:776, Huang & Liu 1997:425), and the mayor corruption case (Chen 1993:299, Li 1993:726, Huang & Liu 1997:418).
Jiang Ze-min was worried that corruption "would ruin and bury our Party, our people's regime, and our great cause of socialist modernization"(Li 1993:751, Huang & Liu 423).
TOP LEADERS & ORGANIZATIONS:
Jiang Ze-min, Li Peng, Wei Jian-xing;
CPC Central Committee, State Council, and their General Offices.
NATURE OF CAMPAIGN:
an all-out struggle against corruption.
DOCUMENTS:
Generalist documents:
May 8, 1993, the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "A Circular on the Prohibition from Accepting or Giving Gift Money or Negotiable Securities by Party and Government Organs and Their Workers"(Chen 1993:296, Li 1993:711).
August 31, 1993, the 9th routine meeting of the State Council passed "State Council's Implementation Recommendations on the recent Launch of Anti-corruption Campaign"(Chen 1993:309, Li 1993:760).
September 17, 1993, the 3rd plenum of the State Council passed "State Council's Implementation Recommendations on the recent Launch of Anti-corruption Campaign", "Regulation on Dealing with Arbitrary Charge of fees", "Regulation on Budget Control over Administrative Fees and Forfeit Income", "Regulation on Disconnection of Party and Governmental Organs and Their Subordinate Economic Entity", and "Regulation on Prohibition of Touring Abroad at Public Expense"(Chen 1993:312, Li 1993:773). Premier Li Peng made the speech "Firmly Carrying out Anti-corruption Campaign", requiring that results and effects be achieved by the end of 1993 (Chen 1993:313, Li 1993:773, Huang & Liu 1997:424).
October 2, 1993, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Circular on Prohibition of Touring Abroad at Public Expense"(Huang & Liu 1997:425).
October 5, 1993, CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued "Resolution on Several Foci of Anti-corruption Campaign in Near Future"(Huang & Liu 1997:426).
October 9, 1993, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council forwarded "Regulation on Budget Control over Administrative Fees and Forfeit Income" from the Ministry of Finance (Huang & Liu 1997:427).
October 23, 1993, "Implementation Recommendations on 'Five Regulations' on Leading Cadres at or above County (Departmental) Level in Party and Governmental Organs" made by CDIC, CPC Central Department of Organization, and the Ministry of Supervision was published (Li 1993:788).
November 14, 1993, the 3rd plenum of CPC 14th Central Committee passed "CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Several Problems in the Establishment of Socialist Market Economic System"(Huang & Liu 1997:427).
February, 1994, Jiang Ze-min's speech at the 3rd plenum of CDIC (Huang & Liu 1997:429).
March 7, 1994, Premier Li Peng's speech at the anti-corruption work meeting of the State Council (Huang & Liu 1997:430).
July 1994, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued a circular, forwarding "Implementation Recommendations on Clearing Enterprise Money and Goods Owned Free through Power of Office by Party and Governmental Organs and by Their Workers" from the State Council Office of Correction of Crooked Practices (Huang & Liu 1997:435).
September 25 to 28, 1994, the 4th session of CPC 14th Central Committee passed "CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Several Important Problems in Strengthening Party Construction"(Huang & Liu 1997:436).
Specialized documents:
May 3, 1993, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision issued "A Circular on Strict Discipline to Ensure Smooth Institutional Reforms" (Chen 1993:295, Li 1993:710, Huang & Liu 1997:416).
May 15, 1993, the Supreme People's Procuratorate issued a circular requiring procuratorial organs at all levels seriously implement "A Circular on the Prohibition from Accepting or Giving Gift Money or Negotiable Securities by Party and Government Organs and Their Workers" issued by the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and of the State Council (Chen 1993:296, Li 1993:713).
May 18, 1993, CDIC held a forum on case inspection work in East China (Huang & Liu 1997:416).
August 20, 1993, Wei Jian-xing, secretary of CDIC, at the 2nd CDIC plenum, made "Report on Adapting to New Situations, Deepening Anti-corruption, and Serving the full Implementation of Party's basic Lines"(Chen 1993:307, Li 1993:748, Huang & Liu 1997:422).
August 23, 1993, the State Council issued "Circular on strict Control over Expenditure and of overquick Increase of Social Group Purchasing Power"(Chen 1993:308, Li 1993:753).
August 25, 1993, CDIC 2nd plenum issued Communiqué (Li 1993:754).
August 31, 1993, CDIC published "Regulations on Charge and Appeal Work of CPC Discipline Inspection Organs"(Chen 1993:310).
January 28, 1994, CDIC passed "Regulations on Case Check-up Work by CPC Discipline Inspection Organs", which takes effect May 1, 1994 (Huang & Liu 1997:428).
January 1994, CDIC, the Ministry of Supervision, the Office of Foreign Affairs of the State Council, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Public Security issued documents on the implementation of "Circular on Prohibition of Touring Abroad at Public Expense" issued by the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council (Huang & Liu 1997:428).
February 25 to March 1, 1994, the 3rd plenum of CDIC passed Wei Jian-xing's report "Deep-going and Protracted Anti-corruption Campaign Serves Reform, Development and Stability"(Huang 1997:429).
March 15, 1994, Ren Jian-xin, chief of the Supreme People's Court, gave a report on judicial work at the 2nd session of the 8th National People's Congress (Huang & Liu 1997:430).
March 15, 1994, Zhang Si-qin, chief of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, gave a report on procuratorial work at the 2nd session of the 8th National People's Congress (Huang & Liu 1997:430).
March 15 to 17, 1994, the 6th meeting on discipline inspection work in CPC central and state organs (Huang & Liu 1997:431).
March 26, 1994, Zhang Si-qin's speech at the national conference on discipline inspection work in procuratorial organs (Huang & Liu 1997:432).
April 20, 1994, CDIC issued "Implementation Recommendations on 'New Five Regulations'" (Huang & Liu 1997:433).
June 17, 1994, the Supreme People's Procuratorate published "Temporary Provisions on Reward for Meritorious Case Informers" (Huang & Liu 1997:434).
September 29, 1994, Wei Jian-xing gave the work report of CDIC Standing Committee "Full Exercise of Supervision Function to Guarantee the Implementation of the Resolutions of the 4th Session of CPC 14th Central Committee"(Huang & Liu 1997:437).
FOCI OF CAMPAIGN:
First, leading cadres in Party and governmental organs, starting from the provincial and ministerial level;
Second, big and important cases, especially in leading bodies, leading cadres, judicial departments, administrative and law-enforcement departments, economic administration departments and their workers; (from the 3rd plenum of CDIC in February 1994, the foci were on "cases of embezzlement, of acceptance of bribery, and of use of office power for personal gains by leading cadres, cases of malpractice for personal favors, of grafts and abusing the law, and of breaches of laws and disciplines by law-enforcement and discipline-enforcement personnel, and cases of breaches of laws and disciplines by legal persons" (Huang & Liu 1997:429).)
Third, several crooked practices of which the masses strongly complain, especially arbitrary charges by state organs and their subordinate units, and touring abroad at public expense.
(Chen 1993:308, Li 1993:749-752, Huang & Liu 1997:422, Huang & Liu 1997:429)
"LANGUAGE":
August 21, 1993, Jiang Ze-min said at CDIC 2nd plenum: "anti-corruption campaign is an indispensable important work that guarantees the smooth progress of the reform and opening-up and economic construction, and an important aspect in socialist spiritual civilization construction"(Chen 1993:307, Li 1993:751, Huang & Liu 1997:422).
February 25 to March 1, 1994, Jiang Ze-min, at CDIC 3rd plenum, "required anti-corruption campaign be carried out deep-going, protracted, and more effective" (Huang & Liu 1997:429).
CAMPAIGN BEGINS:
Possibility I: January 1995
January 20, 1995, Wei Jian-xing, member of Politburo, gave a report entitled "With Deep-going Work and Vigorous Implementation Striving to Obtain New Effects in Anti-corruption Campaign" at CDIC 5th plenum (Huang & Liu 1997:440-441, People's Daily 1995.1.21).
January 23, 1995, Jiang Ze-min required at CDIC 5th plenum that: "Party committees and government at all levels make persistent efforts in the new year, earnestly implement work plans made in recent plenums of the Central Committee and CDIC and must obtain further results and effects" (People's Daily 1995.1.24).
Possibility II: February 1995
February 15, 1995, Li Peng said at the Third Anti-corruption Conference convoked by the State Council: "government at all levels should pay special attention to the investigation and handling of big and important cases. Major leaders should concern themselves with this and strengthen leadership and coordination. No matter what obstructions are encountered, the investigation and handling must be carried out till the end" (People's Daily 1995.2.16)
Possibility III: March 1995
March 18, 1995, Qiao Shi said in the speech to the 3rd session of the 8th National People's Congress: "the punishment of corruption has a bearing on the smooth progress of the reform and opening-up and socialist modernization construction, on social stability and the survival of the state. ... "using power for private gains" runs counter to the basic requirement for Communist party members and state workers; this kind of corrupt phenomena are extremely harmful" (People's Daily 1995.3.19).
Possibility IV: June 1995
June 17, 1995, Wei Jian-xing said to the national conference on the work of law enforcement and supervision by discipline inspection and supervision agencies: "after the case of Wang Bao-sen was published, CPC Central Committee made a timely resolution, which was heartily supported by the mass of cadres, Party members, and the people. The resolution strengthened confidence in anti-corruption and enhanced the conscientiousness and firmness of the leading cadres at all levels in strengthening building of the Party and of honest politics. The situation is very good. The key now is to continue work hard and to further deepen anti-corruption campaign and to continuously obtain new results and effects" (People's Daily 1995.6.18, Huang & Liu 1997:449).
CAMPAIGN ENDS:
Possibility I: December 1995
December 20, 1995, Jiang Ze-min said at the forum of some of the delegates to the national conference of politics and law work: "our emphasis on politics is to hope that you keep a clear understanding of the activities of hostile forces at home and abroad and of the extreme importance of preserving the situation of stability and unity. Don't lose directions in the increasingly complicated struggles due to immersion in specific routine business. Basically all this is to persist in the central task of economic construction, to supply strong political guarantee and to create good political environment for the concentration of forces to boost the economy" (Xin Hua Monthly 1996.1:14).
Possibility II: January 1996
January 26, 1996, Jiang Ze-min said at CDIC 6th plenum: "we are gradually finding a way centered on the task of economic construction, to organically combine anti-corruption campaign with reform, development and stability, with the forces of the Party itself and with the support of the people to resist corrosion by corrupt ideologies of the capitalists and other exploiting classes, and to strive to reduce negative and corrupt phenomena to the lowest limit" (People's Daily 1996.1.27).
Possibility III: February 1996
February 6, 1996, Li Peng said to the 4th anti-corruption work conference convoked by the State Council: "it must be realized that the anti-corruption campaign we are now engaged in is a long-term and arduous task" (People's Daily 1996.2.7).
WHY BEGUN:
Jiang Ze-min said: "[our regime] would collapse if economy is not managed well. It would also collapse if corrupt phenomena run wild, embezzlement and bribery are rampant, and the Party is seriously divorced from the masses even though the economy is handled well" (People's Daily 1995.1.25).
"Especially in last year [1995], the Central Committee directly handled the case of Wang Bao-sen's crime and the investigation and handling of the serious errors of Chen Xi-tong. Party committees and governments at all levels vigorously implemented all the anti-corruption tasks and in some aspects stopped the spreading tendency of negative and corrupt phenomena" (Jiang Ze-min) (People's Daily 1996.1.27).
"The timely and correct handling by the Central Committee of the economic crime of Wang Bao-sen and the serious errors of Chen Xi-tong and the resolution to continue the investigation of Chen Xi-tong's errors have a great pushing impact on anti-corruption and the building of Party work style and of clean politics" (People's Daily 1996.1.28).
TOP LEADERS & ORGANIZATIONS:
Jiang Ze-min, Wei Jian-xing, Li Peng;
CPC Central Committee, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council.
NATURE OF CAMPAIGN:
an all-out struggle against corruption
DOCUMENTS:
Generalist documents:
January 20, 1995, Wei Jian-xing's report "With Deep-going Work and Vigorous Implementation Striving to Obtain New Effects in Anti-corruption Campaign" at CDIC 5th plenum (95.1:15).
April 30, 1995, the General Offices of CPC Central Committee and of the State Council issued "Regulations on Implementing Registration System for Gifts Accepted by Party and State Organ Workers in Domestic Contacts" and "Regulations on Income Report by Leading Cadres above County (or Chu) Level in Party and Government Organs" (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.6:26-27, Huang & Liu 1997:446-447).
May 9, 1995, CPC Central Committee issued "Temporary Regulations on Selection and Appointment of Party and Government Leading Cadres" (People's Daily 1995.5.17, Xin Hua Monthly 1995.6:183).
May 19, 1995, the General Office of the State Council forwarded "Circular on Implementing 'Recommendations on Carrying out Work Plans of Correction of Crooked Practices in 1995'" from the State Council Office for Correction of Crooked Practices (People's Daily 1995.5.20).
May 26, 1995, national meeting on the work of rectifying specific crooked practices (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.6:184, Huang & Liu 1997:447-448).
May 1995, the General Offices of the State Council forwarded "Recommendations on Clearing and Checking Up 'Small Treasuries'" from the Ministry of Finance, the Audit Agency, the Chinese People's Bank (Huang & Liu 1997:448).
Specialized documents:
March 13, 1995, Ren Jian-xin gave the "Report on the Work of Supreme People's Court" to the 3rd session of the 8th National People's Congress (Huang & Liu 1997:442-443, People's Daily 1995.3.24).
March 13, 1995, Zhang Si-qin gave the "Report on the Work of Supreme People's Procuratorate" to the 3rd session of the 8th National People's Congress (Huang & Liu 1997:443, People's Daily, 1995.3.24).
March 21, 1995, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision convoked a meeting of directors of discipline inspection and of supervision in central and state organs, made plans to vigorously stop the crooked practice of "feasting and recreation at public expense" (Huang & Liu 1997:443-444, People's Daily 1995.3.22).
March 23, 1995, the third national conference on discipline inspection work of procuratorial organs (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.4:184).
April 10 to 12, 1995, national conference of the work of discipline inspection and supervision cadres (Huang & Liu 1997:445).
April 13 to 16, 1995, the 3rd national conference of procuratorial investigation of cases of infringement of rights and malfeasance (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.5:183).
April 24, 1995, CDIC issued implementation and handling recommendations on "Supplementary Regulations on the Honesty and Self-discipline of Leading Cadres above County (or Chu) Level in Party and government organs" (People's Daily 1995.4.25).
April 27, 1995, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision made specific rules prohibiting organ cadres from accepting invitation to feast that affects impartiality in performing official duties and from participating in recreational activities at public expense in profit institutions (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.5:184). (Thereafter referred to as 'two regulations' or 'two prohibitions').
May 11, 1995, CDIC issued "Recommendations on Implementation and Handling of 'Four Regulations' on the Honesty and Self-discipline of Leading Cadres of State-own Enterprises" (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.6:27-28, Huang & Liu 1997:447).
June 14 to 17, 1995, national conference on the work of law enforcement and supervision by discipline inspection and supervision agencies (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.7:41-42, Huang & Liu 1997:448-449).
June 25, 1995, national meeting of procuratorial chiefs (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.7:185).
July 17, 1995, CDIC convoked a meeting to circulate reports of specific inspections on clearing of cars (People's Daily 1995.7.18, Huang & Liu 1997:450).
July 30, 1995, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision convoked mobilization meeting for implementing the "two regulations" in central and state organs (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.8:185).
August 4, 1995, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision convoked a meeting to exchange experiences in investigating and handling cases in central and state organs, "requiring that discipline inspection and supervision agencies increase the forces in the work of investigating and handling cases, accelerate progress and make breakthrough in a batch of big and important cases" (People's Daily 1995.8.5).
August 28, 1995, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision convoked a meeting to circulate reports of implementing the "two regulations" in 50 departments in central and state organs (People's Daily 1995.8.29, Huang & Liu 1997:450-451).
October 13, 1995, CDIC issued a circular requiring discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels carefully study and implement the spirit of the 5th plenum of the 14th CPC Central Committee (People's Daily 1995.10.14, Huang & Liu 1997:454).
October 27, 1995, CDIC forum on leading cadres' honesty and self-discipline (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.11:183).
November 24, 1995, the 8th conference on the Party's discipline inspection work in central and state organs (Xin Hua Monthly 1995.12:184, Huang & Liu 1997:454).
December 18 to 21, 1995, national conference of politics and law work (Xin Hua Monthly 1996.1:13-16).
December 21, 1995, national conference of procuratorial chiefs "emphasized vigorous investigation and handling of big and important cases, carrying deep-going anti-corruption campaign, investigating corrupt persons till the end, and severe punishment without leniency" (Xin Hua Monthly 1996.1:153).
December 28, 1995, CDIC and the Ministry of Supervision convoked a report-back meeting of inspection teams for implementing the regulations of "two prohibitions" emphasizing that the crooked practice of feasting and recreation (at public expense) should still be resolutely stopped (Xin Hua Monthly 1996.1:153, Huang & Liu 1997:456-457).
FOCI OF CAMPAIGN:
"First, to further strengthen leading cadres?honesty and self-discipline. ... focusing on cadres above the county (or chu) level.
Second, to continue to concentrate on cases of violations of law and breaches of discipline by Party and government leading bodies, administrative and law-enforcement organs, judicial organs and economy management agencies, on cases of leading cadres above the county (or chu) level.
Third, to continue to correct crooked practices in sectors and professions. ... in a national scale, to concentrate on vigorously stopping three kinds of incorrect practices: excessive checkpoint, excessive charges of fees, and excessive fines; excessive charges of fees in middle and primary schools; excessively apportioning and charging the farmers" (Xin Hua Monthly 95.1:18).
"... the sectors that have high frequencies of cases and have many big and important cases, such as finance, negotiable securities, basic construction, real estate, and lease of land, etc." (Li Peng) (People's Daily 1995.2.16).
(From December 1995) "focus on vigorous cracking down on crimes of fraud in financial, commercial, and foreign trade activities, falsely writing, forges, and illegal selling of receipts specially for value added tax, defrauding state tax refund for export, and other crimes that damage state taxation system reform, crimes of smuggling and selling smuggled goods, crimes of manufacturing fake and inferior products, crimes in transactions in securities market, futures market, and real estate market. At present, special emphasis should be on the investigation and handling of cases of serious violations of law, such as defrauding tax refund, tax evasion, illegal purchase of foreign currencies, smuggling etc." (Xin Hua Monthly 1996.1:14).
(From January 1996) "cases of embezzlement, bribery, misappropriation of public fund, defrauding tax refund, illegal purchase of foreign currencies, smuggling, grafts and perversion of the law, serious neglect of duty and malfeasance, and serious false report and exaggeration" (Wei Jian-xing) (People's Daily 1996.1.25).
"LANGUAGE":
"we are gradually finding a way centered on the task of economic construction, to organically combine anti-corruption campaign with reform, development and stability, with the forces of the Party itself and with the support of the people to resist corrosion by corrupt ideologies of the capitalists and other exploiting classes, and to strive to reduce negative and corrupt phenomena to the lowest limit" (People's Daily 1996.1.27).
"it must be realized that the anti-corruption campaign we are now engaged in is a long-term and arduous task" (People's Daily 1996.2.7).
陈文斌主编《中国共产党兴廉反腐录1921-1993》西苑出版社,1993年,322页,记载自中国共产党成立至中华人民共和国成立44周年,前后72年兴廉反腐斗争的史实.
李雪勤主编《新中国反腐败通鉴》天津人民出版社,1993年,1051页,附录:国内有关廉政法规等.
黄修荣,刘宋斌(中共中央党史研究室第一研究部)主编《中国共产党廉政反腐史记》中国方正出版社,1997年,469页.