ENGR 321 THERMODYNAMICS

Spring 2002

Instructor: Peter Sukanek, Anderson 134, X-7023

Text: R. Sontag, C. Borgnakke, G. Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics,5th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1998).

References: There are many books on thermodynamics available in the library, all covering the same basic material. If you have difficulty understanding the assigned text, check out some of the introductory texts on engineering thermodynamics.

Summary

This course provides a basic introduction to the first and second laws of thermodynamics: the conservation of energy and the concept of irreversibility. These concepts, together with the law of conservation of mass, will be applied to simple systems, both open and closed. While most of the problems will be done in SI units, students are expected to be familiar with English units as well and must be able to convert values from one set of units to another. Prerequisites include general chemistry, Physics I, a knowledge of algebra and the ability to think logically. Computer use may be required for some of the special problems which will be assigned. Students may use Fortran, Basic, Mathcad or any other computer tool to solve these problems.

Outline

Subject	Chapter	Classes (Approx)
Introduction (temperature, pressure, specific volume, energy)	2	3
Pressure-volume-temperature behavior of pure species (vapor pressure, T-v and P-v diagrams, quality critical properties, equations of state)	3	5
Work and energy ("P-V" work)	4	3
The first law for closed and open systems (internal energy, enthalpy, specific heats, ideal gas tables, steady and unsteady flow systems)	5 6	6 6
Entropy and the Second Law (efficiency, coefficient of performance, Carnot cycles, T-s diagrams, entropy generation, entropy change for ideal gases, steady and unsteady flow systems)	7 8 9	3 4 5
Thermodynamic cycles (applications of the first and second laws to power and refrigeration cycles, efficiency)	11	5
Gas mixtures (composition, average molecular weight, thermodynamic properties of ideal mixtures, gas-vapor mixtures, humidity)	12	5

Grades

Grades will be determined by performance on homework, exams, special problems and a comprehensive final exam. Exams (each one hour in duration) will be on Monday, February 4, Monday, March 22, and Friday, April 22. Homework problems from the book will be assigned and collected regularly and will form the basis of the exam questions. Three "special" problems will also be assigned; these will be worked on in groups of students, with group assignments made by the instructor. These problems are due on February 15, March 25 and April 29. The final exam will be at 4:00pm on Friday May 10. Grades for the course will be based on the final exam plus the best four of the remaining five grades (homework, 3 exams and special problems). There are no make up exams, no exemptions from the final exam.

Homework

Homework problems will be assigned regularly. It is the responsibility of each student to know how to do each problem. Homework is due to the instructor no later than the beginning of the class period for which it is assigned; late home work be penalized. Homework must be neat and must be submitted on clean, unfolded paper with multiple sheets stapled together. These problems will form the basis of the exams. (It is understood that all exam questions will not be verbatim from the book.) All problems should be accompanied by a diagram showing the appropriate flows of work, energy and mass. Answers must be in the correct units and with the appropriate number of significant figures. Numbers without units are not correct.

It is the responsibility of each student to read and understand the required material in each chapter even though particular pages will not be assigned daily.

Outcomes

At the completion of this course, students should be able to:

Convert readily engineering units involving dimensions of length, mass, temperature and time

Use equations of state and thermodynamic diagrams and tables to analyze P-V-T behavior of fluids

Apply control volumes for material and energy balances to ope and closed systems

Use mathematical relationships to calculate thermodynamic properties from P-V-T information

Analyze thermodynamic cycles, such as the Carnot, Diesel, Otto, power and refrigeration

Classroom Items

Most class time will be devoted to solving problems from the book. These will be, for the most part, the end-of-chapter problems, not the "sample problems" found in each chapter. Students should study these sample problems and raise any questions about them during class. Otherwise, it is assumed that the solutions strategy and mechanics are understood. In solving problems in class, extensive use will be made of the tables and equations in the book. Consequently, it is strongly recommended that students bring the book to class.

Students are expected to attend all classes. Although there are no strict rules, absence from three or more classes is exceptionally serious, and a student in this situation should consider dropping the course.

Eating, drinking, reading the newspaper and doing crossword puzzles are worthwhile activities. However, they should not be pursued in the classroom.

ADVICE TO STUDENT⁽¹⁾

You are studying to fit yourself for your position in the world. Work diligently, study thoughtfully and deliberately - above all, be thorough; otherwise your knowledge will be transient, and will be unaccompanied by that enlightenment of the understanding, that mental training and general elevation of the intellect, which constitute, in a word, education. When you are thus educated, you will with ease and pleasure pass any examination in the knowledge you have thus acquired. ... All authorities on education ... regard "Examination" ... as but a partial test of knowledge and an extremely imperfect test of education. ... Students! In all honor and in the highest self-interest take care that any inefficiencies inseparable from "examination" are abundantly compensated by the extent and precision of you knowledge and by the soundness and thoroughness of your whole education.

1. J. Attfield, Chemistry: General, Medical, and Pharmaceutical, p. ix, Henry C. Lea's Son &Co., Philadelphia, PA (1883).